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Introduction to EMC testing of electric wheelchairs

Release time:

2022-05-21 00:00

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　　Electric wheelchairs, as mobility aids and mobility equipment for the disabled, are an essential means of transportation for the disabled. They have a wide range of applications and can be used in hospitals, homes, and various public places. Therefore, its safety performance is particularly important. With the development of science and technology, the degree of electronic integration in electric wheelchairs has also increased accordingly, and there are many types. Therefore, for different components, their safety performance is also the same. This article introduces the EMC testing of electric wheelchairs from the perspective of electromagnetic compatibility.

　　Electric wheelchairs need to have a certain anti-interference ability in order to maintain normal operation in a complex electromagnetic environment. The electromagnetic interference generated by itself in the normal operation process of the environment cannot exceed a certain limit.

　　The specific amount of the electromagnetic compatibility test of the product is used to measure the amount of electromagnetic interference specified by the reference level in the specified environment, including two parts: emission (Emission) and immunity (Immunity):

　　The electromagnetic interference generated by the equipment to the environment during normal operation shall not exceed a certain limit (Emission)

　　The equipment has a certain degree of immunity to electromagnetic interference in the environment, that is, electromagnetic susceptibility (Immunity)

　　Electric wheelchairs need to be tested for electromagnetic compatibility in accordance with GB/T 18029.21 when registering with the domestic drug administration;

　　When exporting to Europe for CE certification and the United States, it is necessary to conduct electromagnetic compatibility testing according to ISO 7176-21

　　1. Classification:

Test items	wheelchair	charging state
Test items	wheelchair	Wheelchair with on-board battery	off-board charger
Test status	50%±10% of the maximum speed	The driving wheel does not move The automatic brake does not release The electric device for driving does not move	The driving wheel does not move The automatic brake does not release The electric device for driving does not move
conducted emission	/	CISPR 11 Group 1 Class B	CISPR 11 Group 1 Class B
radiation emission	CISPR 11 Group 1 Class B	CISPR 11 Group 1 Class B	CISPR 11 Group 1 Class B
Harmonic current	/	IEC 61000-3-2	IEC 61000-3-2
Voltage fluctuations and flickering	/	IEC 61000-3-3	IEC 61000-3-3
Electrostatic Discharge Immunity	Contact discharge: ±2kV, ±4kV, ±6kV Air discharge: ±2kV, ±4kV, ±8kV interval 2s	Contact discharge: ±2kV, ±4kV, ±6kV Air discharge: ±2kV, ±4kV, ±8kV interval 2s	Contact discharge: ±2kV, ±4kV, ±6kV Air discharge: ±2kV, ±4kV, ±8kV interval 2s
Radiated Immunity	26~2500MHz，20V/m	80M~1GHz，3V/m	80M~1GHz，3V/m
Fast Burst Immunity	/	±1kV，100kHz	±1kV，100kHz
Surge (shock) immunity	/	Line to line: ±1kV; Line to ground: 2kV	Line to line: ±1kV; Line to ground: 2kV
Conducted disturbance immunity	/	150k~80MHz ，3V	150k~80MHz ，3V
Power Frequency Magnetic Field Immunity	30A/m，60s	/	/
Voltage dip and short interruption immunity	/	Dip: 0%U, 0.5 cycle; 0%U, 1 cycle; 70%U, 25/30 cycle; Interruption: 0%U, 250/300 cycle	Dip: 0%U, 0.5 cycle; 0%U, 1 cycle; 70%U, 25/30 cycle; Interruption: 0%U, 250/300 cycle

　　Note: According to the performance requirements in Chapter 5.5 of the standard "GB T 12996-2012 Electric Wheelchairs", the maximum speed of wheelchairs should not exceed 15km/h, as follows:

　　2. Test items:

　　2.1 Conducted emission

　　2.1.1 Limits

　　Meet the conducted emission limit requirements of Group 1 Class B equipment specified in CISPR 11:

Frequency RangeMHz	QP dB(μV）	AV dB(μV）
0.15~0.50	66~56	56~46
0.50~5	56	46
5~30	60	50

　　2.1.2 Test Status

　　Note:

　　1. It is suitable for the charging status of wheelchairs, including on-board chargers and off-board chargers;

　　2. Wheelchairs should be tested as floor-standing equipment;

　　3. In the charging state, turn on the power of the wheelchair. Set the controller so that the drive wheels do not turn and all automatic braking is enabled.

　　2.2 Radiated emissions

　　2.2.1 Limits

　　Meet the radiated emission limit requirements of Group 1 Class B equipment specified in CISPR 11:

Frequency RangeMHz	OATS or SAC		FAR
	10m distance	3m distance	3m distance
	QP dB(μV/m)	QP dB(μV/m)	QP dB(μV/m)
30~230	30	40	42~35
230~1000	37	47	42

　　2.2.2 Test Status

　　Note:

　　1. Suitable for all wheelchairs;

　　2. Wheelchairs should be tested as floor-standing equipment;

　　3. During the wheelchair test, the maximum speed is 50%±10%;

　　4. In the charging state, turn on the power of the wheelchair. Set the controller so that the drive wheels do not turn and all automatic braking is enabled.

　　2.3 Harmonic current

　　2.3.1 Limits

　　Refer to the harmonic current emission limits specified in IEC61000-3-2

　　2.3.2 Test Status

　　Note:

　　1. It is suitable for the charging status of wheelchairs, including on-board chargers and off-board chargers;

　　2. Fully charge the battery pack of the wheelchair, and then discharge the battery pack for (60±5)min at its 5h discharge rate, I5±5%.

　　3. Fully charge the battery pack in the test load of the charger, and then discharge the battery pack for (60±5)min at its 5h discharge rate, I5±5%.

　　2.3 Voltage Fluctuation and Flicker

　　2.3.1 Limits

　　Refer to the harmonic current emission limits specified in IEC61000-3-3

　　2.3.2 Test Status

　　Note:

　　1. It is suitable for the charging status of wheelchairs, including on-board chargers and off-board chargers;

　　2.4 Electrostatic Discharge Immunity

　　2.4.1 Limits

　　Use ±2kV, ±4kV and ±6kV test voltage contact discharge, use ±2kV, ±4kV and ±8kV test voltage air discharge; test with reference to IEC 61000-4-2 standard

　　2.4.2 Test Status

　　Note:

　　1. Suitable for all wheelchairs;

　　2. Wheelchairs should be tested as floor-standing equipment;

　　3. During the wheelchair test, the indirect discharge in the contact discharge is only used as a vertical coupling plate;

　　4. During the wheelchair test, the maximum speed is 50% ± 10%; during discharge and within 2 seconds after discharge, the average wheel speed change rate does not exceed 20%, and the differential wheel speed change rate does not exceed 25%.

　　5. During the charging state test of the wheelchair, the driving wheel does not move, the automatic brake does not release, and the electric device not used for driving does not move;

　　2.5 Radiated Immunity

　　2.5.1 Limits

　　Wheelchair: 26M~2500MHz, 20V/m, step less than 1%, dwell time not less than 2s

　　Charging state: 80M~1000MHz, 3V/m, step less than 1%, dwell time not less than 0.5s

　　Test with reference to IEC 61000-4-3 standard

　　2.5.2 Test Status

　　Note:

　　1. Suitable for all wheelchairs;

　　2. The wheelchair should be tested as a desktop device;

　　3. During the wheelchair test, measure the four fronts of the wheelchair;

　　4. During the wheelchair test, the maximum speed is 50%±10%; during the test and within 2 seconds after the test, the average wheel speed change rate does not exceed 20%, and the differential wheel speed change rate does not exceed 25%.

　　5. During the charging state test of the wheelchair, the driving wheel does not move, the automatic brake does not release, and the electric device not used for driving does not move;

　　2.6 Fast burst immunity

　　2.6.1 Limits

　　±1kV, 100kHz, test time 1min~2min, test according to IEC 61000-4-4 standard

　　2.6.2 Test Status

　　Note:

　　1. It is suitable for the charging status of wheelchairs, including on-board chargers and off-board chargers;

　　2. Wheelchairs with on-board chargers should be tested as floor-standing equipment; non-vehicle chargers should be tested as desktop equipment;

　　3. In the charging state, turn on the power of the wheelchair. Set the controller so that the drive wheels do not turn and all automatic braking is enabled.

　　2.7 Surge (shock) immunity

　　2.7.1 Limits

　　Line to line: ±1kV; Line to ground: 2kV; apply 5 positive pulses and 5 negative pulses at 0°, 90°, 180° and 270°; apply continuous pulses within a period of ≤60s; refer to IEC 61000- 4-5 standards for testing

　　2.7.2 Test Status

　　Note:

　　1. It is suitable for the charging status of wheelchairs, including on-board chargers and off-board chargers;

　　2. In the charging state, turn on the power of the wheelchair. Set the controller so that the drive wheels do not turn and all automatic braking is enabled.

　　2.8 Conducted disturbance immunity

　　2.8.1 Limits

　　150k~80MHz, 3V, the dwell time of the frequency point is not less than 2s; refer to the IEC 61000-4-6 standard for testing

　　2.8.2 Test Status

　　Note:

　　1. It is suitable for the charging status of wheelchairs, including on-board chargers and off-board chargers;

　　2. Wheelchairs with on-board chargers should be tested as floor-standing equipment; non-vehicle chargers should be tested as desktop equipment;

　　3. In the charging state, turn on the power of the wheelchair. Set the controller so that the drive wheels do not turn and all automatic braking is enabled.

　　2.9 Power Frequency Magnetic Field Immunity

　　2.9.1 Limits

　　30A/m, the test time is not less than 60s; refer to the IEC 61000-4-8 standard for testing

　　2.9.2 Test Status

　　Note:

　　1. Applicable to all wheelchairs; the charging status of wheelchairs is not considered;

　　2. The wheelchair should be tested as a desktop device;

　　3. During the wheelchair test, the maximum speed is 50%±10%; during the test and within 2 seconds after the test, the average wheel speed change rate does not exceed 20%, and the differential wheel speed change rate does not exceed 25%.

　　2.10 Immunity to voltage dips and short interruptions

　　2.10.1 Limits

　　Dip: 0%U, 0.5 cycle; 0%U, 1 cycle; 70%U, 25/30 cycle; Interruption: 0%U, 250/300 cycle; test according to IEC 61000-4-8 standard

　　2.10.2 Test Status

　　Note:

　　1. It is suitable for the charging status of wheelchairs, including on-board chargers and off-board chargers;

　　2. Wheelchairs with on-board chargers should be tested as floor-standing equipment; non-vehicle chargers should be tested as desktop equipment;

　　3. In the charging state, turn on the power of the wheelchair. Set the controller so that the drive wheels do not turn and all automatic braking is enabled.

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